Sat Mar 23, 2024 11:33 pm by globalturbo
AmericanKabuki – New York’s U.S. Bankruptcy Court Rules MERS’s Business Model Is Illegal – 27 January 2013
Posted on January 27, 2013 by lucas2012infos | 1 Comment
New York’s U.S. Bankruptcy Court Rules MERS’s Business Model Is Illegal
L. Randall Wray – Professor of Economics and Research
Director of the Center for Full Employment and Price Stability,
University of Missouri–Kansas City
Posted: February 16, 2011 03:00 PM
United States Bankruptcy Judge Robert Grossman has ruled that MERS’s
business practices are unlawful. He explicitly acknowledged that this
ruling sets a precedent that has far-reaching implications for half of
the mortgages in this country. MERS is dead. The banks are in big
trouble. And all foreclosures should be stopped immediately while the legislative branch comes up with a solution.
For some weeks I have been arguing that MERS is perpetrating
foreclosure fraud all across the nation. Its business model makes it
impossible to legally foreclose on any mortgaged property registered
within its system — which includes half of the outstanding mortgages in
the US. MERS was a fraud from day one, whose purpose was to evade
property recording fees and to subvert five centuries of property law.
Its chickens have come home to roost.
Wall Street wanted to transform America’s housing sector into the
world’s biggest casino and needed to undermine property rights to make
it easier to run the scam. The payoffs were bigger for lenders who could
induce homeowners to take mortgages they could not possibly afford. The
mortgages were packaged into securities sold-on to patsy investors who
were defrauded by the “reps and warranties” falsely certifying the
securities as backed by top grade loans. In fact the securities were not
backed by mortgages, and in any case the mortgages were sure to go bad.
Given that homeowners would default, the Wall Street banks that
serviced the mortgages needed a foreclosure steamroller to quickly and
cheaply throw families out of the homes so that they could be resold to
serve as purported collateral for yet more gambling bets. MERS — the
industry’s creation — stepped up to the plate to facilitate the fraud.
The judge has ruled that its practices are illegal. MERS and the banks
lose; investors and homeowners win.
Here’s MERS’s business model in brief. Real estate property sales and
mortgages are supposed to be recorded in local recording offices, with
fees paid. With the rise of securitization, each mortgage might be sold a
dozen times before it came to rest as the collateral behind a mortgage
backed security (MBS), and each of those sales would need to be
recorded. MERS was created to bypass public recording; it would be
listed in the county records as the “mortgagee of record” and the
“nominee” of the holder of mortgage. Members of MERS could then transfer
the mortgage from one to another without all the trouble of changing
the local records, simply by (voluntarily) recording transactions on
MERS’s registry.
A mortgage has two parts, the “note” and the “security” (not to be
confused with the MBS) or “deed of trust” that is usually just called
the “mortgage”. The idea behind MERS was that the “note” would be
transferred from seller to purchaser, but the “mortgage” would be held
by MERS. In fact, MERS recommended that the “note” be held by the
mortgage servicer to facilitate foreclosures, but in practice it seems
that the notes were often lost or destroyed (which is why all those
Burger King Kids were hired to Robo-sign “lost note affidavits”).
At each transfer, the note and mortgage are supposed to be “assigned”
to the new owner; MERS claimed that because it was the “mortgagee of
record” and the “nominee” of both parties to every transaction, there
was no need to assign the “mortgage” until foreclosure. And it argued
that since the old adage is that the “mortgage follows the note” and
that both parties intended to assign the notes (even if they did not get
around to doing it), then the Bankruptcy Court should rule that the
assignments did take place in some sort of “virtual reality” so that
there is a clear chain of title that allows the servicers to foreclose.
The Judge rejected every aspect of MERS’s argument. The Court
rejected the claim that MERS could be both holder of the mortgage as
well as nominee of the “true” owner. It also found that “mortgagee of
record” is a vague term that does not give one legal standing as
mortgagee. Hence, at best, MERS is only a nominee. It rejected MERS’s
claim that as nominee it can assign notes or mortgages — a nominee has
limited rights and those most certainly do not include the right to
transfer ownership unless there is specific written instruction to do
so. In scarcely veiled anger, the Judge wrote:
“According to MERS, the principal/agent relationship among itself and
its members is created by the MERS rules of membership and terms and
conditions, as well as the Mortgage itself. However, none of the
documents expressly creates an agency relationship or even mentions the
word “agency.” MERS would have this Court cobble together the documents
and draw inferences from the words contained in those documents.”
Judge Grossman rejected MERS’s arguments, saying that mere membership
in MERS does not provide “agency” rights to MERS, and agreeing with the
Supreme Court of Kansas that ruled “The parties appear to have defined
the word [nominee] in much the same way that the blind men of Indian
legend described an elephant — their description depended on which part
they were touching at any given time.”
He went on to disparage MERS’s claim that since in legal theory the
“mortgage follows the note”, the Court should overlook the fact that
MERS separated them. He stopped just short of saying that by separating
them, MERS has irretrievably destroyed the clear chain of title,
although he hinted that a future ruling could come to that conclusion:
“MERS argues that notes and mortgages processed through the
MERS System are never “separated” because beneficial ownership of the
notes and mortgages are always held by the same entity. The Court will
not address that issue in this Decision, but leaves open the issue as to
whether mortgages processed through the MERS system are properly
perfected and valid liens. See Carpenter v. Longan, 83 U.S. at 274
(finding that an assignment of the mortgage without the note is a
nullity); Landmark Nat’l Bank v. Kesler, 216 P.3d 158, 166-67 (Kan.
2009) (“[I]n the event that a mortgage loan somehow separates interests
of the note and the deed of trust, with the deed of trust lying with
some independent entity, the mortgage may become unenforceable”).”
That would mean not only the end of MERS, but also the end of the
banks holding unenforceable mortgages because they were not, and cannot
be, “perfected”. MERS and the banks screwed up big time, and there is no
“do over” — there is no valid lien on the property, so owners have got
their homes free and clear.
There have been numerous court rulings against MERS — including
decisions made by state supreme courts. What is significant about the US
Bankruptcy Court of New York’s ruling is that the judge specifically
set out to examine the legality of MERS’s business model. As the judge
argued in the decision, “The Court believes this analysis is necessary
for the precedential effect it will have on other cases pending before
this Court”. In the scathing opinion, Judge Grossman variously labeled
MERS’s positions as “stunningly inconsistent” with the facts, “absurd,
at best”, and “not supported by the law”. The ruling is a complete
repudiation of every argument MERS has made about the legality of its
procedures.
What is particularly ironic is that MERS actually forced the judge to
undertake the examination of its business model. The case before the
judge involved a foreclosed homeowner who had already lost in state
court. The homeowner then approached the US Bankruptcy Court to argue
that the foreclosing bank did not have legal standing because of MERS’s
business practices. However, by the “Rooker-Feldman” doctrine (or res
judicata), the US Bankruptcy Court is prohibited from “looking behind”
the state court’s decision to determine the issue of legal standing.
Hence, Judge Grossman ruled in the bank’s favor on that particular
issue.
Yet, MERS’s high priced lawyers wanted to push the issue and asked
for the Judge to rule in favor of MERS’s practices, too. So while MERS
won the little battle over one foreclosed home, it lost the war against
the nation’s homeowners. The Judge ruled against MERS on every single
issue of importance. And it was MERS’s stupid arrogance that brought it
down.
As I predicted two weeks ago, MERS would be dead within weeks. Judge
Grossman has driven the final stake through its black heart. The half of
America’s homeowners whose mortgages are registered at MERS have been
handed a “get out of jail free” card. Wall Street has no right to
foreclose on their property. The tide has turned. It won’t be easy, but
homeowners in those states with judicial foreclosures now have Judge
Grossman on their side. Those in the other states (just over half) will
have a tougher time because they can lose their home before they ever
get to court. But the law is still on their side — foreclosure by
members of MERS is theft — so class action lawsuits may be the way to
go.
MERS is dead, but can the banks survive? There are two separate
issues. First, there are the “reps and warranties” given by the mortgage
securitizers (Wall Street investment banks) to the investors (pension
funds, GSEs, PIMCO, and so on). We now know that a quarter to a third of
the mortgages bundled to serve as backing for the securities did not
meet stated quality. Worse, we also know that the banks knew this — they
hired third parties to undertake “due diligence” to check quality. This
was not done to protect the investors, rather, the purpose was to
strengthen the bargaining position of the securitizers, who were able to
reduce the prices paid for the mortgages. Now, the investors are suing
the banks for restitution–forcing them to cover the losses and buy-back
the bad mortgages at original price. To add insult to injury, even the
NYFed is suing them. That is a lot like having your parents sue you for
their inadequate parental oversight of your behavior.
The second issue is that the mortgages backing the securities were
supposed to be placed in Trusts (affiliates of the securitizing banks),
with the Trustee certifying not only that the mortgages met the reps and
warranties but also that the documents were up to snuff and safely
locked away. We know they were not. As mentioned above, MERS told the
servicers to hold the notes, and many or most of them were destroyed or
lost. Further, the notes were separated from the mortgages — making them
null and void. In any case, they are not at the Trusts. This means the
MBSs are not backed by mortgages, meaning the MBSs are unsecured debt.
MERS’s business model ensures that. So, again, the banks must take back
the fraudulent securities — paying off the investors.
What can Wall Street do? Well, I suppose the “help wanted” signs are
already up at MERS and Wall Street banks: “Needed: Burger King Kids to
Robo-sign forged quasi-professional-looking docs”. The problem is that
even with tens of thousands of Robo-Kids, Wall Street will not be able
to pull off a vast criminal conspiracy on the necessary scale. Think
about it: 60 million mortgages, each sold ten times, means 600 million
transactions and assignments that have to be forged. MERS’s
documentation was notoriously sloppy, relying on voluntary recording by
members. The Robo-Kids would have to go back through a decade of records
to manufacture a paper trail that would convince now-skeptical judges
that there is a clear chain of title from the first recording in the
public record through to the foreclosure. It ain’t going to happen.
The only other hope is that Wall Street can call in its campaign
contribution chips and get Congress to retroactively legalize fraud.
That is what they do in those dictatorships that protestors are now
bringing down in the Middle East. Is Washington willing to take that
risk, just to please its Wall Street benefactors?
The court document is available here. It is terrific reading.
This post originally appeared at Benzinga.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/l-randall-wray/new-yorks-us-bankruptcy-c_b_824167.html
www.americankabuki.blogspot.nl / link to original article
Thanks to: http://lucas2012infos.wordpress.com
Posted on January 27, 2013 by lucas2012infos | 1 Comment
New York’s U.S. Bankruptcy Court Rules MERS’s Business Model Is IllegalL. Randall Wray – Professor of Economics and Research
Director of the Center for Full Employment and Price Stability,
University of Missouri–Kansas City
Posted: February 16, 2011 03:00 PM
United States Bankruptcy Judge Robert Grossman has ruled that MERS’s
business practices are unlawful. He explicitly acknowledged that this
ruling sets a precedent that has far-reaching implications for half of
the mortgages in this country. MERS is dead. The banks are in big
trouble. And all foreclosures should be stopped immediately while the legislative branch comes up with a solution.
For some weeks I have been arguing that MERS is perpetrating
foreclosure fraud all across the nation. Its business model makes it
impossible to legally foreclose on any mortgaged property registered
within its system — which includes half of the outstanding mortgages in
the US. MERS was a fraud from day one, whose purpose was to evade
property recording fees and to subvert five centuries of property law.
Its chickens have come home to roost.
Wall Street wanted to transform America’s housing sector into the
world’s biggest casino and needed to undermine property rights to make
it easier to run the scam. The payoffs were bigger for lenders who could
induce homeowners to take mortgages they could not possibly afford. The
mortgages were packaged into securities sold-on to patsy investors who
were defrauded by the “reps and warranties” falsely certifying the
securities as backed by top grade loans. In fact the securities were not
backed by mortgages, and in any case the mortgages were sure to go bad.
Given that homeowners would default, the Wall Street banks that
serviced the mortgages needed a foreclosure steamroller to quickly and
cheaply throw families out of the homes so that they could be resold to
serve as purported collateral for yet more gambling bets. MERS — the
industry’s creation — stepped up to the plate to facilitate the fraud.
The judge has ruled that its practices are illegal. MERS and the banks
lose; investors and homeowners win.
Here’s MERS’s business model in brief. Real estate property sales and
mortgages are supposed to be recorded in local recording offices, with
fees paid. With the rise of securitization, each mortgage might be sold a
dozen times before it came to rest as the collateral behind a mortgage
backed security (MBS), and each of those sales would need to be
recorded. MERS was created to bypass public recording; it would be
listed in the county records as the “mortgagee of record” and the
“nominee” of the holder of mortgage. Members of MERS could then transfer
the mortgage from one to another without all the trouble of changing
the local records, simply by (voluntarily) recording transactions on
MERS’s registry.
A mortgage has two parts, the “note” and the “security” (not to be
confused with the MBS) or “deed of trust” that is usually just called
the “mortgage”. The idea behind MERS was that the “note” would be
transferred from seller to purchaser, but the “mortgage” would be held
by MERS. In fact, MERS recommended that the “note” be held by the
mortgage servicer to facilitate foreclosures, but in practice it seems
that the notes were often lost or destroyed (which is why all those
Burger King Kids were hired to Robo-sign “lost note affidavits”).
At each transfer, the note and mortgage are supposed to be “assigned”
to the new owner; MERS claimed that because it was the “mortgagee of
record” and the “nominee” of both parties to every transaction, there
was no need to assign the “mortgage” until foreclosure. And it argued
that since the old adage is that the “mortgage follows the note” and
that both parties intended to assign the notes (even if they did not get
around to doing it), then the Bankruptcy Court should rule that the
assignments did take place in some sort of “virtual reality” so that
there is a clear chain of title that allows the servicers to foreclose.
The Judge rejected every aspect of MERS’s argument. The Court
rejected the claim that MERS could be both holder of the mortgage as
well as nominee of the “true” owner. It also found that “mortgagee of
record” is a vague term that does not give one legal standing as
mortgagee. Hence, at best, MERS is only a nominee. It rejected MERS’s
claim that as nominee it can assign notes or mortgages — a nominee has
limited rights and those most certainly do not include the right to
transfer ownership unless there is specific written instruction to do
so. In scarcely veiled anger, the Judge wrote:
“According to MERS, the principal/agent relationship among itself and
its members is created by the MERS rules of membership and terms and
conditions, as well as the Mortgage itself. However, none of the
documents expressly creates an agency relationship or even mentions the
word “agency.” MERS would have this Court cobble together the documents
and draw inferences from the words contained in those documents.”
Judge Grossman rejected MERS’s arguments, saying that mere membership
in MERS does not provide “agency” rights to MERS, and agreeing with the
Supreme Court of Kansas that ruled “The parties appear to have defined
the word [nominee] in much the same way that the blind men of Indian
legend described an elephant — their description depended on which part
they were touching at any given time.”
He went on to disparage MERS’s claim that since in legal theory the
“mortgage follows the note”, the Court should overlook the fact that
MERS separated them. He stopped just short of saying that by separating
them, MERS has irretrievably destroyed the clear chain of title,
although he hinted that a future ruling could come to that conclusion:
“MERS argues that notes and mortgages processed through the
MERS System are never “separated” because beneficial ownership of the
notes and mortgages are always held by the same entity. The Court will
not address that issue in this Decision, but leaves open the issue as to
whether mortgages processed through the MERS system are properly
perfected and valid liens. See Carpenter v. Longan, 83 U.S. at 274
(finding that an assignment of the mortgage without the note is a
nullity); Landmark Nat’l Bank v. Kesler, 216 P.3d 158, 166-67 (Kan.
2009) (“[I]n the event that a mortgage loan somehow separates interests
of the note and the deed of trust, with the deed of trust lying with
some independent entity, the mortgage may become unenforceable”).”
That would mean not only the end of MERS, but also the end of the
banks holding unenforceable mortgages because they were not, and cannot
be, “perfected”. MERS and the banks screwed up big time, and there is no
“do over” — there is no valid lien on the property, so owners have got
their homes free and clear.
There have been numerous court rulings against MERS — including
decisions made by state supreme courts. What is significant about the US
Bankruptcy Court of New York’s ruling is that the judge specifically
set out to examine the legality of MERS’s business model. As the judge
argued in the decision, “The Court believes this analysis is necessary
for the precedential effect it will have on other cases pending before
this Court”. In the scathing opinion, Judge Grossman variously labeled
MERS’s positions as “stunningly inconsistent” with the facts, “absurd,
at best”, and “not supported by the law”. The ruling is a complete
repudiation of every argument MERS has made about the legality of its
procedures.
What is particularly ironic is that MERS actually forced the judge to
undertake the examination of its business model. The case before the
judge involved a foreclosed homeowner who had already lost in state
court. The homeowner then approached the US Bankruptcy Court to argue
that the foreclosing bank did not have legal standing because of MERS’s
business practices. However, by the “Rooker-Feldman” doctrine (or res
judicata), the US Bankruptcy Court is prohibited from “looking behind”
the state court’s decision to determine the issue of legal standing.
Hence, Judge Grossman ruled in the bank’s favor on that particular
issue.
Yet, MERS’s high priced lawyers wanted to push the issue and asked
for the Judge to rule in favor of MERS’s practices, too. So while MERS
won the little battle over one foreclosed home, it lost the war against
the nation’s homeowners. The Judge ruled against MERS on every single
issue of importance. And it was MERS’s stupid arrogance that brought it
down.
As I predicted two weeks ago, MERS would be dead within weeks. Judge
Grossman has driven the final stake through its black heart. The half of
America’s homeowners whose mortgages are registered at MERS have been
handed a “get out of jail free” card. Wall Street has no right to
foreclose on their property. The tide has turned. It won’t be easy, but
homeowners in those states with judicial foreclosures now have Judge
Grossman on their side. Those in the other states (just over half) will
have a tougher time because they can lose their home before they ever
get to court. But the law is still on their side — foreclosure by
members of MERS is theft — so class action lawsuits may be the way to
go.
MERS is dead, but can the banks survive? There are two separate
issues. First, there are the “reps and warranties” given by the mortgage
securitizers (Wall Street investment banks) to the investors (pension
funds, GSEs, PIMCO, and so on). We now know that a quarter to a third of
the mortgages bundled to serve as backing for the securities did not
meet stated quality. Worse, we also know that the banks knew this — they
hired third parties to undertake “due diligence” to check quality. This
was not done to protect the investors, rather, the purpose was to
strengthen the bargaining position of the securitizers, who were able to
reduce the prices paid for the mortgages. Now, the investors are suing
the banks for restitution–forcing them to cover the losses and buy-back
the bad mortgages at original price. To add insult to injury, even the
NYFed is suing them. That is a lot like having your parents sue you for
their inadequate parental oversight of your behavior.
The second issue is that the mortgages backing the securities were
supposed to be placed in Trusts (affiliates of the securitizing banks),
with the Trustee certifying not only that the mortgages met the reps and
warranties but also that the documents were up to snuff and safely
locked away. We know they were not. As mentioned above, MERS told the
servicers to hold the notes, and many or most of them were destroyed or
lost. Further, the notes were separated from the mortgages — making them
null and void. In any case, they are not at the Trusts. This means the
MBSs are not backed by mortgages, meaning the MBSs are unsecured debt.
MERS’s business model ensures that. So, again, the banks must take back
the fraudulent securities — paying off the investors.
What can Wall Street do? Well, I suppose the “help wanted” signs are
already up at MERS and Wall Street banks: “Needed: Burger King Kids to
Robo-sign forged quasi-professional-looking docs”. The problem is that
even with tens of thousands of Robo-Kids, Wall Street will not be able
to pull off a vast criminal conspiracy on the necessary scale. Think
about it: 60 million mortgages, each sold ten times, means 600 million
transactions and assignments that have to be forged. MERS’s
documentation was notoriously sloppy, relying on voluntary recording by
members. The Robo-Kids would have to go back through a decade of records
to manufacture a paper trail that would convince now-skeptical judges
that there is a clear chain of title from the first recording in the
public record through to the foreclosure. It ain’t going to happen.
The only other hope is that Wall Street can call in its campaign
contribution chips and get Congress to retroactively legalize fraud.
That is what they do in those dictatorships that protestors are now
bringing down in the Middle East. Is Washington willing to take that
risk, just to please its Wall Street benefactors?
The court document is available here. It is terrific reading.
This post originally appeared at Benzinga.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/l-randall-wray/new-yorks-us-bankruptcy-c_b_824167.html
www.americankabuki.blogspot.nl / link to original article
Thanks to: http://lucas2012infos.wordpress.com
